![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/3-37098_hand-mirror-png-circle.png?resize=915%2C894&ssl=1)
I. Fundamental Attribution Error
We judge others on their personally or fundamental character, but we judge ourselves on the situation.
Ex: Tom is late to class; He’s lazy. You’re late to class; it was a bad morning
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/medal-2.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
II Self-Serving Bias
Our failures are situational but our successes are our responsibilities
Ex: You won that award due to hard work rather then help or luck. Meanwhile, you failed a test because you hadn’t gotten enough sleep.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/stone.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&ssl=1)
III. In-Group Favoritism
We favor people who are in our in-group as opposed to and out-group
Ex: Frankie is in your church so your like Frankie more then Tom.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/hand-drawn-doodle-fidget-spinner-vector-32597470.jpg?resize=996%2C993&ssl=1)
IV. Bandwagon Effect
Ideas, fads and beliefs grow as more people adopt them.
Ex: Tom believes fidget spinners help her children. Frankie does, too
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/360_F_176155681_T4XxSe2jW4nwRPnJy8m1LfcOhgoc7FZQ.jpg?resize=272%2C360&ssl=1)
V. Groupthink
Due to a desire for conformity and harmony in the group, we make irrational decisions often to minimize conflict.
Ex: Tom wants to go get ice cream. Frankie wants to shop for T-shirts. You suggest getting T-shirt with pictures of ice cream on them
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/b0dbf27dea0ca13915840c7735cf09c8.jpg?resize=736%2C736&ssl=1)
VI.Halo Effect
If you see a person as having a positive trait, that positive impression will spill over into their other traits. (This also works for negative traits)
Ex: “Taylor could never be mean, she’s so cute!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/trophy-winner-cup-award-black-white-sketch-hand-drawn-vector-illustration-isolated-white-background-trophy-winner-cup-112192489.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1)
VII. Moral Luck
Better moral standing happens due to a positive outcome; worse moral standing happens due to a negative outcome
Ex: “X culture won X war because they were morally superior to the losers”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/index.png?resize=285%2C177&ssl=1)
VIII. False Consensus
We believe more people agree with us than is actually the case
Ex: “Everybody thinks that!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/text-books-and-apple-hand-drawn-sketch-icon-vector-20377467.jpg?resize=1002%2C988&ssl=1)
IX. Curse of Knowledge
Once we know something, we assume everyone else knows it, too.
Ex: Andreea is a teacher and struggles to understand the perspective of her new students.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/spotlights-icon-vector-22391194.jpg?resize=996%2C905&ssl=1)
X. Spotlight Effect
We overestimate how much people are paying attention to our behavior and appearance.
Ex: Tom is worried everyone’s going to notice how lame her ice cream T-shirt is.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/523-5238442_comic-bubble-white-png-transparent-png-thought-bubble.png?resize=860%2C665&ssl=1)
XI. Availability Heuristic
We rely on immediate examples that comes to mind while making judgments.
Ex: When trying to decide on which store to visit, you choose the one you most recently saw an ad for.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/shield-png-27.jpeg?resize=320%2C353&ssl=1)
XII. Defensive Attribution
As a witness who secretly fears being vulnerable to a serious mishap, we will blame the victim less and attacker more if we relate to the victim
Ex: Tom sat too long at a green light because he was playing with his phone. She got rear-ended. Greg, who is known to text and drive, got out and yelled at the person who smacked into him.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/547-5474241_globe-icon-png-black-globe-icons-black-and.png?resize=825%2C1024&ssl=1)
XIII. Just-World Hypothesis
We tend to believe the world is just; therefore, we assume acts of injustice are deserved.
Ex: “Tom’s wallet was stolen because he was mean to Frankie about their T-shirt and had bad karma.”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istockphoto-1270930870-170667a.jpg?resize=416%2C416&ssl=1)
XIV. Naive Realism
We believe that we observed objective reality and that other people are irrational, uninformed or biased
Ex: “I see the world as it really is- other people are dumb.”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istockphoto-920291700-612x612-1.jpg?resize=612%2C493&ssl=1)
XV. Naive Cynicism
We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people have a higher egocentric bias than they actually do in their intentions/actions.
Ex: “The only reason this person is doing something nice is to get something out of me.”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/zodiac-icons-vector-11299663.jpg?resize=997%2C915&ssl=1)
XVI. Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect)
We easily attribute our personalities to vague statements, even if they can apply to a wide range of people.
Ex: “The horoscope is so accurate!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/images.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XVII. Dunning-Kruger Effect
The less you know, the more confident you are. The more you know, the less confident you are
Ex: Frankie confidently assures the group that there’s no kelp in ice cream. They do not work in the dairy industry.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/s.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XVIII. Anchoring
We rely heavily on the first piece of information introduced when making decisions.
Ex: “That’s 50% off? It must be a great deal.”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/index-1.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XIX. Automation Bias
We rely on automated systems, sometimes trusting too much in the automated correction of actually correct decisions.
Ex: Your phone auto-corrects “its” to “it’s”, so you assume it’s right
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/www-internet-icon-search-bar-website-eps-148122440.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1)
XX. Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia)
We tend to forget information that’s easily looked up in search engines.
Ex: “Whats was the name of that actor in that funny movie? I’ve looked it up like eight times…”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/dsfsdfs.png?resize=213%2C236&ssl=1)
XXI. Reactance
We do the opposite of what we’re told, especially when we perceive threats to personal freedoms
Ex: One of Andreea’s students refuses to do his homework, even though both she and his parents tell him to.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/simple-ufo-icon-spaceship-alien-symbol-and-sign-vector-22578608.jpg?resize=1003%2C967&ssl=1)
XXII. Confirmation Bias
We tend to find and remember information that confirms our perceptions.
Ex: You can confirm a conspiracy theory based on scant evidence while ignoring contrary evidence.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/wwwwwwwwwwwww.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XXIII. Backfire Effect
Disproving evidence sometimes has the unwarranted effect of confirming our beliefs.
Ex: The evidence that disproves your conspiracy theory was probably faked by the government.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istockphoto-1247682462-170667a.jpg?resize=416%2C416&ssl=1)
XXIV. Third-Person Effect
We believe that others are more affected by mass media consumption than we ourselves are.
Ex: “You’ve clearly been brainwashed by the media!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/cloud-exclamation-marks-line-icon-vector-33818843.jpg?resize=1008%2C939&ssl=1)
XXV. Belief Bias
We judge an argument’s strength not by how strongly it support the conclusion but how plausible the conclusion is in our own minds.
Ex: Tom mentions his supporting theory about your conspiracy theory, which you adopt wholeheartedly despite the fact that she has very little evidence for it.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/eeeee.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XXVI. Availability Cascade
Tied to our need for social acceptance, collective beliefs gain more plausibility through public repetition
Ex: A story about razor blades appearing in candy eventually led to many people no longer offering homemade treats on Halloween in America
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/wwqewewew.png?resize=215%2C234&ssl=1)
XXVII. Declinism
We tend to romanticize the past and view the future negatively, believing that societies/institutions are by and large in decline.
Ex: “In my day, kids had more respect!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/107-1078765_stop-sign-clip-art-black-stop-sign-hd.jpg?resize=280%2C280&ssl=1)
XXVIII. Status Quo Bias
We tend to prefer things to stay the same; changes from the baseline are considered to be a loss.
Ex: Even though an app’s terms of services invade Tom’s privacy, he’s rather not switch to another app.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/money-trash-waste-icon-vector-23957416.jpg?resize=1001%2C996&ssl=1)
XXIX. Sunk Cost Fallacy (aka Escalation of Commitment)
We invest more in things, that have cost us something rather then altering our investments, even if we face negative outcomes.
Ex: “In for a penny, in for a pound!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/dice-icon-2B43A02-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C996&ssl=1)
XXX. Gambier’s Fallacy
We think future possibilities are affected by past events.
Ex: Andreea has lost nine coin tosses in a row, so she’s sure to win the next one!
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/weather-cloud-icon-symbol-creative-150419464.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1)
XXXI. Zero-Risk Bias
We prefer to reduce small risks to zero even if we can reduce more risk overall with another option.
Ex: “You should probably buy the warranty.”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/index-2.png?resize=258%2C196&ssl=1)
XXXII. Framing Effect
We often draw different conclusions from the same information depending on how it’s representing.
Ex: Andreea hears that her favorite candidate is “killing it” with a 45% approval rating. Tom hears that the candidate is “disappointing the country with 45% rating”. They have windily different interpretation on the same statistic
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/eye-lashes-icon-lashes-93439413.jpg?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1)
XXXIII. Stereotyping
We adopt generalized beliefs that members of a group will have certain characteristics, despite not having information about the individual.
Ex: “That guy with fancy mustache is a hipster. He probably has a vinyl collection”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/879169.png?resize=512%2C512&ssl=1)
XXXIV. Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
We perceive out-group members as homogeneous and our own in-groups as more diverse.
Ex: Andreea is not a gamer, but she believes “all gamers are the same”.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/3729.png?resize=512%2C512&ssl=1)
XXXV. Authority Bias
We trust and are more often influenced by the opinions of authority figures.
Ex: “My teacher told me this was fine”.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/48655.png?resize=512%2C512&ssl=1)
XXXVI. Placebo Effect
If we believe a treatment will work, if often will have a small physiological effect.
Ex: Andreea was given a placebo for her pain, and her pain decreased.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/man-top-mountain-flag-solid-icon-isolated-white-background-simple-vector-logo-182746890.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1)
XXXVII. Survivorship Bias
We tend to focus on those things that survived a process and overlook ones that failed.
Ex: Greg tells Andreea her purse business is going to be great because a successful fashion company had the same strategy. (But 10 other failed companies also had the same strategy)
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/eye-clock-vector-icon-sign-symbol-filled-flat-solid-pictogram-isolated-white-logo-illustration-133971528.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1)
XXXVIII. Tachypsychia
Our perception of time shift depending on trauma, drug use and physical exertion.
Ex: “When the car almost hit me, time slowed down…”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istockphoto-961872468-170667a.jpg?resize=416%2C416&ssl=1)
XXXIX. Law of Triviality (aka “Bike-Shedding”)
We give disproportionate weight to trivial issues, often while avoiding more complex issues.
Ex: Rather than figuring put how to help homeless, a local city gov spends a lot of time discussing putting in a bike path and bike sheds.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/check-parcel-vector-1630020-1383088.png?resize=256%2C256&ssl=1)
XL. Zeigarnik Effect
We remember incomplete task more than completed ones.
Ex: Greg feels guilty for never getting anything done, until he sees all of the tasks he’s checked off on his task list.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/sssss.png?resize=275%2C183&ssl=1)
XLI. Ikea Effect
We place higher value on things we partially created ourselves.
Ex: “Don’t you love this pot I spend £20 on? I painted myself!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/asasa.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XLII. Ben Franklin Effect
We like doing favors; we are more likely to do another favor for someone if we’ve already done a favor for them than if we had received a favor from that person.
Ex: Greg loaned Frankie a pen. When Frankie asked to borrow £5, Greg did it readily.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/adasssss.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XLIII. Bystander Effect
The more other people are around, the less likely we are to help a victim
Ex: In a crowd of students, no one called 911 when someone got hurt in a fight.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/istockphoto-955799906-1024x1024-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C1024&ssl=1)
XLIV. Suggestibility
We, especially children, sometimes mistake ideas suggested by a questioner for memories.
Ex: “So did you fall off the couch before or after your mom hit you?”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/indexwww.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XLV. False Memory
We mistake imagination for real memories.
Ex: Greg is certain. Tom said a really funny joke about pineapples, when that joke actually came from a TV show.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/indexwww-1.png?resize=225%2C225&ssl=1)
XLVI. Cryptomnesia
We mistake real memories for imagination
Ex: Greg thinks he visited a graveyard but he’s pretty sure he just had a spooky dream.
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/62006-200.png?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1)
XLVII. Clustering Illusion
We find patterns and “clusters” in random data.
Ex: “That cloud looks like your cat, Andreea.”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/652211-200.png?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1)
XLVIII. Pessimism Bias
We sometimes overestimate the likelihood of bad outcomes.
Ex: “Nothing will ever get better!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/652211-200-1.png?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1)
XLIX. Optimism Bias
We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes
Ex: “It’s going to turn out great!”
![](https://i0.wp.com/adelinav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/men-look-to-mirror-icon-men-look-to-mirror-icon-simple-design-169879238.jpg?resize=800%2C800&ssl=1)
L. Blind Spot Bias
We don’t think we have bias, and we see it in others more then ourselves.
Ex: “I am not biased!”
Source: Elon Musk twitter